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Joint Resolution

A legislative measure, similar to a bill, that requires approval by both chambers of Congress (House and Senate) and the President's signature to become law. Often used for constitutional amendments, declarations of war, or, as in this case, to disapprove agency rules.

Congressional Disapproval

A process under the Congressional Review Act (CRA) that allows Congress to pass a joint resolution to overturn a specific rule issued by a federal agency. If signed into law by the President (or if a veto is overridden), the rule is nullified and cannot be reissued in substantially the same form.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

A federal agency responsible for protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.

Stationary Sources

In the context of air pollution, these are non-moving sources that emit pollutants, such as power plants, factories, refineries, and other industrial facilities.

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR)

An EPA rule established to reduce the interstate transport of air pollution (specifically sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) that contributes to ozone and fine particulate matter pollution in downwind states. It was largely replaced by the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR).

Federal Register (Fed. Reg.)