All U.S. citizens who are legally allowed to own a firearm would be directly affected. This includes gun owners who currently live in states with strict permit requirements for carrying guns in public, as they would no longer need those permits. It also affects gun owners traveling between states, as they could carry their firearms in public without needing permits from each state they visit, assuming they are eligible to possess firearms under all applicable laws.

State and local governments would also be significantly affected, as many of their existing gun control laws related to public carry permits would be invalidated. Law enforcement agencies would need to adjust their procedures regarding public firearm carry, and courts might see challenges related to the new federal standard overriding state laws.