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Under Secretary

A senior official in a government department, often overseeing a specific area like science and technology within the Department of Commerce, which includes NOAA.

Probabilistic methods

Techniques used in forecasting that provide a range of possible outcomes and their likelihoods, rather than a single definitive prediction, helping to understand uncertainties.

Rapid intensity change

A phenomenon where a hurricane's maximum sustained wind speed increases very quickly, typically by 35 mph or more within a 24-hour period.

Inland flooding

Flooding that occurs in areas far from the coast, primarily caused by heavy rainfall from a hurricane as it moves over land.

Compound flooding

Flooding caused by a combination of multiple factors occurring at the same time, such as heavy rainfall, coastal storm surge, and high tides.

Uncrewed systems

Vehicles or aircraft that operate without a human pilot or crew on board, often used for collecting data in challenging or hazardous environments.

Cloud computing

The delivery of on-demand computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet, allowing for flexible access to powerful computing resources.