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Executive agency

A department or independent establishment in the Executive branch of the U.S. government, such as the Department of Defense or the Environmental Protection Agency.

Lapse in appropriations

When Congress fails to pass legislation that provides funding for government operations, leading to a temporary shutdown of non-essential services.

Reduction in force (RIF)

A layoff of federal employees, usually due to budget cuts, reorganization, or a lack of work.

Voluntary separation payment

Money offered to an employee as an incentive to voluntarily leave their job, often referred to as a buyout.

Retroactive effective date

When a law applies to events that occurred before the date it was officially signed into law.