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Cryptography

The practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties (called adversaries), often involving codes and ciphers to protect information.

Classical computer

A standard computer that uses digital data and manipulates it based on a program, encoding information in binary (0s and 1s).

Quantum computer

A new type of computer that uses complex properties of quantum physics to perform calculations, potentially much faster than classical computers for certain tasks, including breaking current encryption.

Post-quantum cryptography

New cryptographic methods or algorithms designed to be secure against attacks from both classical (standard) computers and powerful quantum computers.

Critical infrastructure

Systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that their incapacitation or destruction would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination thereof (e.g., power grids, water systems, transportation networks).

High-impact system

A federal information system that contains sensitive information, where the loss or compromise of that information would cause severe or catastrophic harm to organizational operations, assets, or individuals.