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Price Gouging

Charging 'grossly excessive' prices for goods or services, especially during emergencies or market disruptions.

Exceptional Market Shock

A major disruption in the market for a good or service, such as a natural disaster, energy shortage, civil unrest, war, or public health emergency, or a formally declared disaster.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

A U.S. government agency responsible for protecting consumers and ensuring fair competition in the marketplace.

Unfair Leverage

When a company has significant market power, often due to its large size, dominant market share, or ability to control access to essential goods or services, giving it an advantage over competitors or customers.

Affirmative Defense

A legal argument where a defendant admits to an action but offers a reason why the action was justified or not unlawful.

Preponderance of the Evidence

A legal standard of proof meaning that something is more likely true than not true (over 50% likelihood).

Clear and Convincing Evidence

A higher legal standard of proof than 'preponderance of the evidence,' meaning the evidence presented is highly probable or reasonably certain to be true.