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Covered Individual

An employee, former employee, or job applicant for a federal agency, or for a contractor, subcontractor, or grantee working with a federal agency.

Administrative Remedies

Formal processes and actions taken by government agencies or other official bodies to resolve complaints or violations, without going to court.

Private Right of Action

The ability of an individual to sue in court to enforce a legal right, rather than relying solely on government agencies to take action.

Prohibited Personnel Practice

Certain unfair employment actions, such as retaliation against a whistleblower, that federal managers are not allowed to take against employees or applicants.

De Novo Review

A new review of a legal case by a court, without giving deference to the decisions of a lower court or administrative body.

Equitable or Injunctive Relief

Court-ordered actions other than money, such as ordering someone to do something (e.g., rehire an employee) or to stop doing something (e.g., halt discriminatory practices).

Burden of Proof

The legal obligation to prove a fact or set of facts in a case. In this context, it refers to who needs to show evidence for their claims.