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Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)

An international agreement reached in 2015 between Iran and several world powers (U.S., UK, France, China, Russia, Germany, and the European Union) that limited Iran's nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 (UNSCR 2231)

A 2015 resolution by the UN's most powerful body that endorsed the JCPOA and set out the terms for lifting previous sanctions on Iran, while also including a mechanism to re-impose them if Iran violated the deal.

E3

Refers to the three European countries: the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, who were signatories to the JCPOA.

Snapback

A mechanism within the JCPOA and UNSCR 2231 that allows a participant country to quickly reinstate all previous United Nations sanctions against Iran if Iran is found to be significantly violating its commitments under the nuclear deal.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

An independent intergovernmental organization within the United Nations system that promotes the peaceful use of nuclear energy and inhibits its use for any military purpose, including verifying compliance with nuclear agreements.

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

A landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament.