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Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere

The senior official at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) responsible for managing its programs related to oceans, weather, and climate.

NOAA Weather Radio (NWR)

A nationwide network that broadcasts continuous weather and hazard information directly from the nearest National Weather Service office, often used as a direct warning system.

Geological hazard

A natural process or phenomenon that could cause harm, such as a tsunami, landslide, volcanic eruption, forest fire, or geomagnetic storm.

Short-fuse warning

An urgent warning issued for rapidly developing and potentially dangerous weather events like tornadoes, severe thunderstorms, or flash floods, which require immediate action.

Integrated Public Alert and Warning System (IPAWS)

A national system managed by FEMA that provides authorized officials with an effective way to alert and warn the public about serious emergencies using multiple communication methods.

Telecommunications infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for telecommunication systems to function, such as cables, towers, and network equipment.