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Biodefense

Actions and measures taken to protect against, detect, respond to, and recover from biological threats, such as diseases or biological weapons.

Biosecurity

Measures designed to prevent the theft, misuse, or intentional release of biological agents (like viruses or bacteria) or toxins, and to ensure the safe handling of biological materials.

Biotechnology

Technology that uses living organisms or biological systems to make products or processes, often used in medicine, agriculture, or industry.

Biosurveillance

The process of monitoring and detecting biological events, such as disease outbreaks, to provide early warning and allow for timely response.

Countermeasures

Actions or substances used to prevent, treat, or respond to a threat, such as vaccines or medicines for biological agents.

Dual-use items

Goods, software, and technology that can be used for both civilian (e.g., medical research) and military (e.g., biological weapon development) applications.

Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)

An international treaty that prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, acquisition, or retention of biological and toxin weapons.