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Primary energy

The energy contained in natural resources (like coal, crude oil, natural gas, sunlight, wind, or uranium) before it is converted into other forms of energy (like electricity or heat) for use. It's the initial raw energy source.

Energy Information Administration (EIA)

An independent agency within the U.S. Department of Energy that collects, analyzes, and disseminates energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets, and public understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment.

Incident energy

The total amount of energy entering an energy conversion technology or system directly from natural or environmental sources (like the sun's rays hitting a solar panel or wind turning a turbine), before any energy is transformed or lost during conversion.

Final energy

Energy in the form that is delivered to and used by end-users in homes, businesses, transportation, and industries (e.g., electricity used in a light bulb, gasoline in a car, or natural gas for heating).

Energy conversion

Any physical, chemical, or mechanical process by which energy is transformed from one form to another for the purpose of producing electricity, heat, mechanical work, chemical energy, or another usable or storable form of energy.

Electrification

The process of converting systems that run on fossil fuels (like gasoline cars or gas heaters) to run on electricity instead.