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Civil action

A lawsuit brought to enforce, redress, or protect private rights, rather than to punish a crime.

Third-party beneficiary

A person or entity (other than the direct parties in a lawsuit or their lawyers) that has a financial interest in the outcome of the lawsuit and stands to receive money from it.

Contingent

Dependent on or conditioned by something else; in this context, receiving payment only if a lawsuit has a specific outcome (e.g., a win or settlement).

In camera review

A review of documents or evidence by a judge privately, in their chambers, without the presence of the public or other parties.

Protective order

A court order that limits the disclosure of information discovered during a lawsuit, often to protect trade secrets, privileged information, or personal privacy.

Attorney-client privilege

A legal rule that protects communications between a lawyer and their client from being disclosed to outside parties, ensuring confidentiality.

Attorney work product doctrine

A legal principle that protects from discovery materials prepared by an attorney in anticipation of litigation, such as notes, correspondence, or strategies.