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Tariff

A tax paid on goods coming into a country from other countries, typically to protect domestic industries or generate government revenue.

Executive Order

A directive or rule issued by the President that has the force of law, often used to manage the operations of the federal government.

Indo-Pacific

A large geographic region that includes countries and territories spanning the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, from East Africa to the west coast of the Americas.

Nonmarket practices

Economic behaviors by a government or state-controlled entities that interfere with free market principles, such as unfair subsidies, forced technology transfers, or anti-competitive actions.

Gray-zone actions

Coercive actions taken by a country that fall below the threshold of traditional armed conflict, often involving economic pressure, cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, or intimidation tactics.

Enactment of this Act

The date on which a bill officially becomes law after being passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the President, or otherwise becoming law without the President's signature.