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Appropriations

Money set aside by Congress for specific government agencies or programs to spend.

Public Debt

The total amount of money that the U.S. federal government owes to its creditors, including individuals, corporations, and foreign governments, primarily through Treasury bonds and other securities.

Retention Bonuses

Extra payments given to employees as an incentive to stay with their current employer, often used to reward valuable employees or those in high-demand fields.

Fiscal Year

A 12-month period that a government or business uses for budgeting, accounting, and financial reporting. For the U.S. federal government, it runs from October 1st to September 30th.

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

A measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services, used to gauge inflation.

Executive Agency

A department, independent establishment, government corporation, or other agency of the Executive Branch of the Federal Government.

Unexpended Funds

Money that has been allocated or appropriated for a specific purpose but has not been spent by the end of the designated period.