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Personnel action

An action taken by an employer that affects an employee's job, such as hiring, firing, promotion, demotion, suspension, or performance review.

Substantial evidence

Enough relevant evidence that a reasonable person might accept as adequate to support a conclusion; a higher standard than 'some evidence' but less than 'beyond a reasonable doubt.'

Civil service

The body of government employees who are employed in civil occupations, not military ones, and are typically hired based on merit rather than political appointment.

Demotion

A reduction in an employee's job rank, responsibility, or pay level as a disciplinary action or due to organizational changes.

Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB)

An independent agency in the executive branch that protects federal merit system principles and adjudicates appeals for federal employees, such as those related to disciplinary actions.

Performance Improvement Plan (PIP)

A formal document used by employers to address employee performance deficiencies, outlining specific goals, training, and a timeline for improvement.

Whistleblower