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Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology

A high-ranking official in the Commerce Department who oversees scientific measurement, standards, and technology programs.

Administrator of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

The head of the government agency responsible for understanding and predicting changes in Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and for conserving and managing coastal and marine resources.

Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing

Fishing activities that violate national or international laws, are not reported to authorities, or are conducted by vessels without nationality or in areas not managed by a regional fishery organization. It poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems and legal fishing.

Country of origin

The nation where a product, in this case seafood, was caught or harvested.

Chemical analysis

The use of scientific methods to determine the composition or properties of a substance, such as seafood, in this case to identify its geographic origin.

Pilot studies

Small-scale preliminary studies conducted to evaluate the feasibility, time, cost, adverse events, and effect size (if any) of a methodology before embarking on a full-scale research project.