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Discretionary appropriations

Government funds that Congress decides how to spend each year through appropriation bills, as opposed to mandatory spending already set by law.

Impoundment

An action by the President or an agency to refuse to spend money that Congress has appropriated.

Reprogramming (of funds)

The shifting of funds within a federal agency's budget from one purpose or program to another.

Hiring freeze

A temporary ban or restriction on filling vacant positions within a government agency or across the federal government.

Reduction in force (RIF)

A layoff of federal employees due to reasons such as a lack of work, budget cuts, or a reorganization.

Probationary employee

A new federal employee serving an initial trial period, typically one year, during which their performance and suitability for the job are evaluated.

Impoundment Control Act of 1974

A federal law that sets rules for how and when the President can refuse to spend money appropriated by Congress, generally requiring congressional approval for such actions.