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Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (ECRA)

A U.S. law that provides the legal authority for the government to control the export, reexport, and in-country transfer of certain sensitive U.S. items to protect national security and foreign policy interests.

Remote access

Gaining access by a foreign person to a U.S.-controlled item through a network connection (like the internet or cloud) from a different location than where the item is physically located, if that access could pose a serious risk to U.S. national security or foreign policy.

Item subject to the jurisdiction of the United States

Technology, software, or other goods that are considered to be under U.S. legal control, typically due to their origin or classification, regardless of where they are located.

Foreign person

Any individual who is not a U.S. citizen, a lawful permanent resident of the U.S. (green card holder), or a protected individual, or any foreign government, business, or organization.

National security

The protection of a nation's people, territory, and interests from threats, including those from other countries or non-state actors.

Mens rea

A legal term referring to the mental state or intent that a person must have had to be guilty of a crime (e.g., purposeful, knowing, reckless, or negligent actions).