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Institution of higher education

A college or university that offers post-secondary education, typically awarding degrees.

Federal funds

Money provided by the United States government, often through grants, loans, or other programs.

Painful research

Any research, training, experiment, or testing on animals classified in specific categories (D or E) by the Department of Agriculture, which involve more than momentary pain or distress.

Clinical veterinary research

Research on a sick or injured dog or cat where the study is intended to help that specific animal and understand the effects of a treatment or procedure.

Service animal

An animal, usually a dog, specifically trained to perform tasks for an individual with a disability.

Military animal

An animal used by the armed forces, such as a dog trained for detection or security purposes.

Pain category D or E

Classifications by the Department of Agriculture for animal research. Category D involves procedures causing pain or distress that are relieved with medication, while Category E involves pain or distress that cannot be relieved.