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Securities Exchange Act of 1934

A foundational law that governs the trading of securities (stocks, bonds) on secondary markets, establishing rules for financial disclosures and combating fraud.

Issuer

A company or legal entity that offers and sells securities (like stocks) to investors.

Independent expenditure

A political campaign spending activity that is not coordinated with any candidate or political party, often for advertisements supporting or opposing a candidate.

Electioneering communication

A broadcast, cable, or satellite communication that refers to a clearly identified federal candidate, is publicly distributed shortly before an election, and is targeted to the relevant electorate.

501(c) organization

A tax-exempt nonprofit organization under the Internal Revenue Code, such as social welfare groups or trade associations, that can engage in some political activities without disclosing donors.

EDGAR system

The Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system, used by the SEC for companies to submit their financial reports and other documents electronically, making them publicly accessible.

Shareholder